{
  "schema_version": "1",
  "generated_at": "2026-10-20T00:00:00Z",
  "tag": "research",
  "count": 17,
  "entries": [
    {
      "id": "arxiv-lightning-micropayments-iot",
      "title": "Enabling Micro-payments on IoT Devices using Bitcoin Lightning Network",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Ahmet Kurt",
        "Suat Mercan",
        "Enes Erdin",
        "Kemal Akkaya"
      ],
      "date_published": "2020-12-19",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10576",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "bitcoin-lightning",
      "summary": "Proposes a protocol that lets resource-constrained IoT devices use Lightning through a gateway node, with 3-of-3 multisignature channels so the device signs every channel operation. It was demonstrated on a Raspberry Pi in a toll-payment scenario.",
      "tags": [
        "lightning",
        "iot",
        "m2m-payments",
        "micropayments",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "featured": true,
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260403081751/https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.10576"
    },
    {
      "id": "lightning-network-paper",
      "title": "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments",
      "publisher": "lightning.network",
      "authors": [
        "Joseph Poon",
        "Thaddeus Dryja"
      ],
      "date_published": "2016-01-14",
      "url": "https://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "bitcoin-lightning",
      "summary": "Foundational paper (draft v0.5.9.2) proposing a decentralized network of micropayment channels whose value transfers happen off-blockchain. The aim is to scale Bitcoin to high transaction volumes without custodial third parties.",
      "tags": [
        "lightning",
        "bitcoin",
        "micropayments",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "featured": true,
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261012231826/http://lightning.network/lightning-network-paper.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "bitcoin-whitepaper",
      "title": "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System",
      "publisher": "bitcoin.org",
      "authors": [
        "Satoshi Nakamoto"
      ],
      "date_published": null,
      "url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "bitcoin-lightning",
      "summary": "Foundational paper proposing purely peer-to-peer electronic cash. A proof-of-work timestamp chain solves double-spending without a trusted third party.",
      "tags": [
        "bitcoin",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "featured": true,
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261015235313/https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf"
    },
    {
      "id": "mckinsey-global-payments-report-2026",
      "title": "The 2026 Global Payments Report: Operational excellence in an invisible world",
      "publisher": "McKinsey & Company",
      "authors": [
        "Gustavo Tayar",
        "Matteo Mantoan",
        "Uzayr Jeenah",
        "Amit Gandhi",
        "Erica Solino",
        "Gaia Thorel",
        "Julia Simchuk",
        "Reema Jain"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-09-25",
      "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/global-payments-report",
      "type": "report",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "McKinsey's annual global payments report, which sizes the industry at roughly $2.6 trillion in revenue from 3.8 trillion transactions. It reviews growth drivers and the shift toward \"invisible\" payments.",
      "tags": [
        "market-data",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": null,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260930211737/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/global-payments-report"
    },
    {
      "id": "arxiv-beyond-the-mandate-ap2-security",
      "title": "Beyond the Mandate: A Systematic Security Analysis of the Agent Payments Protocol (AP2)",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Avital Aviv",
        "Parth A. Gandh",
        "Ron Bitton",
        "Asaf Shabtai"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-08-24",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23858",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "Security analysis of Google's AP2. It finds that signed Checkout and Payment Mandates protect transaction data after signing, while agent interactions before authorization (A2A messages, MCP inputs) stay outside that protection.",
      "tags": [
        "ap2",
        "security",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260923112346/https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23858"
    },
    {
      "id": "imf-how-agentic-ai-will-reshape-payments",
      "title": "How Agentic AI Will Reshape Payments",
      "publisher": "International Monetary Fund",
      "authors": [],
      "date_published": "2026-04-24",
      "url": "https://www.imf.org/en/publications/imf-notes/issues/2026/04/22/how-agentic-ai-will-reshape-payments-575560",
      "type": "report",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "IMF Note examining how agentic AI may affect authorization, liquidity, settlement, compliance and resilience in payment systems, using an intent, authorization and settlement framework. It highlights the tension between probabilistic AI behavior and the deterministic requirements of payment infrastructure.",
      "tags": [
        "regulation",
        "research",
        "security"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260629110549/https://www.imf.org/en/publications/imf-notes/issues/2026/04/22/how-agentic-ai-will-reshape-payments-575560"
    },
    {
      "id": "arxiv-sok-security-llm-agents-agentic-commerce",
      "title": "SoK: Security of Autonomous LLM Agents in Agentic Commerce",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Qian'ang Mao",
        "Jiaxin Wang",
        "Ya Liu",
        "Li Zhu",
        "Cong Ma",
        "Jiaqi Yan"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-04-15",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15367",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "Systematization of knowledge on the security of autonomous LLM agents that negotiate, purchase and transact across on-chain and off-chain environments. It covers protocols such as ERC-8004 and AP2.",
      "tags": [
        "security",
        "ap2",
        "research",
        "identity"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261006050702/https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15367"
    },
    {
      "id": "arxiv-apex-agent-payment-execution",
      "title": "APEX: Agent Payment Execution with Policy for Autonomous Agent API Access",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Mohd Safwan Uddin",
        "Mohammed Mouzam",
        "Mohammed Imran",
        "Syed Badar Uddin Faizan"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-04-02",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02023",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "Research system that adapts HTTP 402-style payment gating to UPI-like real-time fiat workflows, with policy-governed spend control for autonomous agents calling APIs.",
      "tags": [
        "m2m-payments",
        "research",
        "security"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260403123042/https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02023"
    },
    {
      "id": "arxiv-a402-binding-payments-service-execution",
      "title": "A402: Binding Cryptocurrency Payments to Service Execution for Agentic Commerce",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Yue Li",
        "Lei Wang",
        "Kaixuan Wang",
        "Zhiqiang Yang",
        "Ke Wang",
        "Zhi Guan",
        "Jianbo Gao"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-03-01",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.01179",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "Proposes A402, a trust-minimized payment architecture with Atomic Service Channels that bind cryptocurrency payments to service execution and result delivery. It addresses an atomicity gap the authors identify in x402.",
      "tags": [
        "x402",
        "security",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260815005030/https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.01179"
    },
    {
      "id": "arxiv-zero-trust-runtime-verification-ap2",
      "title": "Zero-Trust Runtime Verification for Agentic Payment Protocols: Mitigating Replay and Context-Binding Failures in AP2",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Qianlong Lan",
        "Anuj Kaul",
        "Shaun Jones",
        "Stephanie Westrum"
      ],
      "date_published": "2026-02-06",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.06345",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "eBay-authored paper on runtime behaviors (retries, concurrency, orchestration) that can cause replay and context-binding failures in mandate-based protocols such as AP2 and UCP. It proposes zero-trust runtime verification to mitigate them.",
      "tags": [
        "ap2",
        "security",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260827173930/https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.06345"
    },
    {
      "id": "bis-wp1310-ai-agents-cash-management",
      "title": "AI agents for cash management in payment systems",
      "publisher": "Bank for International Settlements",
      "authors": [
        "Iñaki Aldasoro",
        "Ajit Desai"
      ],
      "date_published": "2025-11-26",
      "url": "https://www.bis.org/publ/work1310.htm",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "BIS Working Paper 1310 examining how generative AI can help manage cash and liquidity in real-time gross settlement (RTGS) payment systems.",
      "tags": [
        "research",
        "regulation"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260610031525/https://www.bis.org/publ/work1310.htm"
    },
    {
      "id": "mckinsey-agentic-commerce-opportunity",
      "title": "The agentic commerce opportunity: How AI agents are ushering in a new era for consumers and merchants",
      "publisher": "McKinsey & Company",
      "authors": [],
      "date_published": "2025-10-17",
      "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-agentic-commerce-opportunity-how-ai-agents-are-ushering-in-a-new-era-for-consumers-and-merchants",
      "type": "report",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "McKinsey QuantumBlack report on how AI agents are changing commerce for consumers and merchants.",
      "tags": [
        "market-data",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": null,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20260613093650/https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-agentic-commerce-opportunity-how-ai-agents-are-ushering-in-a-new-era-for-consumers-and-merchants?"
    },
    {
      "id": "bis-project-agenti",
      "title": "Project Agenti",
      "publisher": "Bank for International Settlements",
      "authors": [],
      "date_published": null,
      "url": "https://www.bis.org/node/87745",
      "type": "regulatory",
      "category": "payments",
      "summary": "BIS Innovation Hub project with the Bank of Canada and the Swiss National Bank that uses agentic AI to model payment behaviour and intraday liquidity in wholesale payment systems.",
      "tags": [
        "research",
        "regulation"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": null
    },
    {
      "id": "tau-bench",
      "title": "τ-bench: A Benchmark for Tool-Agent-User Interaction in Real-World Domains",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Shunyu Yao",
        "Noah Shinn",
        "Pedram Razavi",
        "Karthik Narasimhan"
      ],
      "date_published": "2024-06-17",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12045",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "datasets-benchmarks",
      "summary": "Benchmark of dynamic conversations between a language-model-simulated user and an agent equipped with domain-specific API tools and policy guidelines. Success is scored by comparing the final database state with an annotated goal state, and the paper introduces the pass^k reliability metric.",
      "tags": [
        "benchmark",
        "tools",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261015183045/https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.12045"
    },
    {
      "id": "gaia-benchmark",
      "title": "GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistants",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Grégoire Mialon",
        "Clémentine Fourrier",
        "Craig Swift",
        "Thomas Wolf",
        "Yann LeCun",
        "Thomas Scialom"
      ],
      "date_published": "2023-11-21",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12983",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "datasets-benchmarks",
      "summary": "Benchmark of real-world questions for general AI assistants that require reasoning, multimodality, web browsing and tool use.",
      "tags": [
        "benchmark",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261011183417/https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12983"
    },
    {
      "id": "swe-bench-paper",
      "title": "SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Carlos E. Jimenez",
        "John Yang",
        "Alexander Wettig",
        "Shunyu Yao",
        "Kexin Pei",
        "Ofir Press",
        "Karthik Narasimhan"
      ],
      "date_published": "2023-10-10",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "datasets-benchmarks",
      "summary": "Evaluation framework of 2,294 software engineering problems drawn from real GitHub issues and pull requests across 12 popular Python repositories.",
      "tags": [
        "benchmark",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261011232036/https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770"
    },
    {
      "id": "webarena",
      "title": "WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents",
      "publisher": "arXiv",
      "authors": [
        "Shuyan Zhou",
        "Frank F. Xu",
        "Hao Zhu",
        "Xuhui Zhou",
        "Robert Lo",
        "Abishek Sridhar",
        "Xianyi Cheng",
        "Tianyue Ou",
        "Yonatan Bisk",
        "Daniel Fried",
        "Uri Alon",
        "Graham Neubig"
      ],
      "date_published": "2023-07-25",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13854",
      "type": "research-paper",
      "category": "datasets-benchmarks",
      "summary": "Highly realistic and reproducible web environment for building and testing language-guided agents that perform tasks on the web. The authors list shows the first 12 of a longer list.",
      "tags": [
        "benchmark",
        "web-agents",
        "research"
      ],
      "verified_at": "2026-10-20",
      "last_checked": "2026-10-20",
      "http_status": 200,
      "archive_url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20261002191854/https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13854"
    }
  ]
}